BS 



I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. | 

S • ■ ■ ■ ■ 



3 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. SI 



THE 

CEDIPUS ROMANUS; 

OR, 

AN ATTEMPT TO PROVE, 
FROM THE PRINCIPLES OF REASONING 

ADOPTED BY 

THE RT. HON. SIR WILLIAM DRUMMOND, 

IN HIS 

CEDIPUS JUDAICUS, 

THAT 

THE TWELVE C^SARS 

ARE THE 

TWELVE SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC. 



ADDRESSED TO THE HIGHER AND LITERARY 
. CLASSES OF SOCIETY. 

BY THE REV. G. TmVNSEND, A. M. 

OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 

O tenebris tantis, tam clariam extollere lumen 
Qui primus potuisti — 
Te sequor — " 

Non ita certandi cupidiis, quam propter a morem 
Quod te imitari aveo. 

Liicreiius. Lib. 3. I. 11. 
LONDON : 

PRINTED BY A. J. VALPV, TOOKE's COURT, CHANCERY LANE. 
SOLD BY 

J. HATCHARD, 190, PICCADILLY. 



1819. 



0' 



TO THE HIGHEH AND LITERARY CLASSES 
OF SOCIETY. 



When the noble and the learned author 
of the CEdipus Judaicus determined to 
confine his wonderful discovery of the real 
sense of the Hebrew Scriptures, no longer 
to the walls of his study, and the circle of 
his friends; he made his appeal to you, 
Gentlemen, as the proper tribunal to decide 
on its merit, and pretensions. Among you 
his book has been extensively circulated. 
It is purchased with eagerness, when 
accidentally exposed to sale : it still ex- 
cites among you, great attention, and gives 



4 



rise to frequent conversation. Under these 
circumstances, I have been much surprised 
that none of its numerous admirers have 
applied the principles of reasoning adopted 
by Sir William Drummond to the elucida- 
tion of other Histories, than those in the 
Old Testament. Seven years have elapsed 
since it was first submitted to your appro- 
bation, yet its author has never been con- 
gratulated by any of his friends, or followers. 
Entertaining, as I do, an equal respect for 
his candor, his courage, his moderation, 
his ingenuity, and the useful object to 
which he has devoted his time, his talents, 
and his learning ; I trust he will permit me 
to assure him, that I consider his disco- 
veries too valuable and meritorious to be 
reserved only for the literary world. The 
public in general always have been, and 
ever will be interested in the opinions of 



5 



their superiors ; and I wish therefore to 
gratify their curiosity, and enlarge the 
peculiar fame of Sir William Drummond, 
by proving to them, on his principles. You 
being my Judges, that they have as much 
misapprehended the sense of History, as 
that of Scripture ; and that there is equal 
reason to believe the twelve Caesars to be the 
twelve Signs of the Zodiac, as that the nar- 
ratives of the Hebrew Scriptures are a col- 
lection of astronomical emblems. 

It has repeatedly been made a sub- 
ject of applause, that our countrymen 
have ever shown themselves averse to 
new plans, new systems, and new the- 
ories, whether in politics or religion. 
Sir William Drummond, therefore, must 
be content on this account to observe the 
very slow progress which his novel and 



6 

astonishing mode of interpreting the 
Scripture has hitherto made among the 
learned and thinking classes of Society ; 
as the humble admirer of his mighty project, 
I too am prepared to meet with a similar 
reception. When the Christian and philo- 
sophical world can be convinced that the 
first books of scripture, instead of present- 
ing us with a history of real persons and 
events, contain only an allegorical represen- 
tation of the progress of astronomy, and 
the reform of the calendar : that the three 
hundred and eighteen servants of Abraham, 
are so many days ; that the red sea is the 
concave hemisphere; and that when the men 
of Ai, smote of the Israelites six and thirty 
men, and chased them from the Gate 
even unto Shebarim, they were in reality 
the men of the calendar who smote thirty- 
six, amounting to the decans, the divisions 



7 



of the Zodiac, and of the year, and chased 
them even to fractions : and the reason of 
their overthrow was, that the men of the 
calendar, aforesaid, took of the accursed 
thing, that is, of the symbols of the lunar 
year — When the truly enlightened and un- 
prejudiced reader is convinced of these 
things, then, and not till then, will he be 
persuaded that the twelve Caesars also are 
the twelve Signs of the Zodiac : that Caius 
Julius Caesar is the ram, and that the pas- 
sage of the Rubicon is merely typical of 
the Sun's cutting the Equator, with many 
other most singular and surprising dis- 
coveries. 

Whatever impression we may succeed 
in making on the more philosophical part of 
the community, I much fear we shall find 
but few converts in our two Universities^ 



8 



Entrenched behind the authorities of such 
men as Hooker, Barrow, Taylor, Addison, 
Bull, Pearson, Horsley, and others, their 
members appeal to the ponderous volumes 
of these " matter-of-fact interpreters," and 
shut their eyes to the discoveries of Sir 
WilHam Drummond. Even Hume and 
Gibbon illumined them in vain. Slow to 
innovate, and suspicious of novelties, they 
still maintain their inveterate prejudices, 
and educate the youth of our country in 
the long-established faith of their fathers. 
They shrink from the meteoric briUiance of 
our system, and term their adherence to 
our ancient, and not yet exploded faith, 
"sound learning, and religious education/' 
The obstinate members of our Universities 
must be left to their proverbial attachment 
to an exclusive creed : I appeal only to 
those who have been already initiated in 



9 



the mysteries of Sir William Drum- 
mond. 

Sir William has invented a new mode of 
eliciting that Truth, which is the common 
object of all who are not contented to 
think wdth the vulgar. Instead of looking 
for moral arguments, and metaphysical 
subtleties, he traces the goddess through 
all the living and dead languages, till he 
discovers her in the recesses of words, in 
the consonants of a radical, or in the rem- 
nant of a zodiac. " Truth,'' says Milton, 
"once came into the world, with her di- 
vine Master, and was a perfect shape, 
most glorious to look upon : but when He 
ascended, and his apostles after him were 
laid asleep, there strait arose a wicked race 
of deceivers, who, (as the story goes of the 
Egyptian Typhon, with his companions, 



10 



how they dealt with the god Osyris,) took 
the virgin Truth, hewed her lovely form 
into a thousand pieces, and scattered them 
to the four winds. From that time to the 
present, the sad friends of Truth, such as 
durst appear, imitating the careful search 
that Isis made, for the mangled body of 
Osyris, went up and down, gathering them 
up limb by limb, still, as they could find 
them/' In this search, lighted by the lamp 
of his reason, and enamoured of the de- 
scription of the charms of Truth, Sir Wil- 
liam has engaged. He has wandered after 
her through the dark corners of the East : 
he has explored the recesses of idolatry, 
and the gloomy caverns of infidelity : he 
has acquired the languages, and roved 
through the desolate wildernesses of distant 
nations, to recover her vanished graces, 
and to gaze on her forgotten beauties. 



11 



After all this labor he has presented us with 
the full length portrait of the virgin. Never 
has the attention of mankind been directed 
to a worthier object. Enrobed in the 
emblems of astronomy, and covered with 
the figures of the constellations, she appears 
to complete the perfectibility of human 
nature. Commanding us to desert the altar 
of revelation, to kneel at that of reason 
and liberahty, she points to the Persian 
sphere, the Indian zodiac, and the Egyptian 
hieroglyphic, as the sacred substitute of the 
Christian Scriptures. Such are the disco- 
veries of learning! Such the result of the 
researches of Sir William Drummond ! 
Who will not bow at this altar ? Who will 
not worship this golden image r Who is not 
ready to forsake the apostles and the pro- 
phets, and exclaim with me at the shrine 
of this lono; lost truth, Hail holv li^^ht !" 



12 



You will no longer be surprised, gentle* 
men, that I should find materials to demon- 
strate my theory, when I act on Sir William 
Drummond's plans. I search onl}^ for 
similar arguments to those in the CEdipus 
Judaicus, and I may therefore confidently 
ask, If one hypothesis be worthy of public 
favor, why should not the other r Each has 
the same sort of objections to overcome, 
and each may be supported on the same 
description of authority. Sir William 
Drummond has nothing to contend against, 
but facts, and history, and chronology, and 
festivals in celebration of facts, the uniform 
concurrent testimony of all ages, and na- 
tions, and the dictates of common sense : 
to these he very effectually opposes etymo- 
logy, hypothesis, and fable. When I would 
shew that Coesar is Aries, and Augustus 
Taurus, I am sensible the same difficulties 



13 



must oppose themselves ; and had I not 
such an example of patient courage and 
perseverance as that before me, I confess 
I should shrink under the attempt. But I 
kneel with the ingenious Sir William at the 
altar of truth and nature, of which the 
basis is established by reason/' ' 

Facts indeed have never been considered 
of sufficient authority, to enforce convic- 
tion among the objectors to Christianit}^ 
how then can they be expected to compel 
our faith in History. Calculations have been 
made to ascertain the period w^hich may 
elapse before any authenticated fact will 
become incredible. We have more reason 
to believe in the battle of Waterloo, than in 
that of Blenheim ; and we have stronger 



' Preface, page vi. 



'14 

reasons for crediting the victory of Blen- 
heim, than that at Marathon. In propor- 
tion to the distance of an event, ought 
to be our belief in its truth ; and we may 
therefore anticipate the happy period 
when these battles shall be all proved astro- 
nomical emblems. The time may come, 
when William the Conqueror, as well as 
Caleb the brother of Joshua, may be de- 
monstrated to be Sirius ; and the evidence 
may be found by comparing the names of 
his companions, the supposed ancestors of 
our noble families, with the names of the 
constellations round the dog-star. 

The proposition, the truth of which I 
am anxious to establish, is nearly the same 
as that of Sir William Drummond : to 
quote his own words, " I pretend, that the 
antient Jews, like the other nations of anti- 



15 



quity, had their esoteric, and their exoteric 
doctrines." That is, the antient Jews 
disguised the history of the progress of 
astronomy and the reform of the calendar, 
under the veil of simple narration, and 
apparent matter of fact, and the mystery 
has never been solved till the present day. 
The arguments on which this hypothesis is 
supported, are derived from etymology, 
coincidence, and tradition. 

I pretend that the Roman historians, 
Tacitus, Suetonius, &c., had their esoteric, 
and exoteric doctrines: they are enig- 
matical writers, and concealed certain truths 
from the vulgar under the disguise of a 
most candid, and impartial statement of 
facts. These truths, consequently, like the 
esoteric doctrines of the Jews, are gene- 
rally unknown among their descendants ; 



16 



like these too, they do not even seem to 
have been understood at the time they were 
written ; a circumstance which adds consi- 
derably to our merit, in discovering their 
meaning at present. My arguments are 
likewise deduced From etymology, coinci- 
dence, and tradition ; and I trust by their 
assistance " to explain the hidden sense of 
many passages,"" in the Roman historians. 

The task I have assigned myself, with all 
its difficulties, is of much easier execution 
than that of my learned predecessor. The 
institutions of the Mosaic law, seem in- 
tended for the express purpose of utterly 
abolishing the difference between all eso- 
teric and exoteric doctrines. Wherever 
this difference existed, superstition, idolatry, 
and priestcraft uniformly prevailed. The 
laws of Moses, like the laws of the holy 



ir 



Jesus, were intended for the collective 
body of the people. The code which united 
them was publicly promulgated : one part 
of that code was, that they should study 
their Scriptures ; and we well know that 
they made transcripts of their laws, and 
preserved the pedigree of their fathers^ and 
the histories of their ancestors with such 
jealous and scrupulous attention, as to pre- 
clude the possibility of emblems, or fables 
insinuating themselves into the sacred text. 
When the Pentateuch was written, the Jews 
had many more convincing reasons to 
believe that Abraham and the twelve 
Patriarchs were real characters, than we 
have to believe that King John signed the 
Magna Charta. Sir William Drummond's 
merit therefore is exceedingly great, that 
in spite of such deterring difficulties he has 
been able to furnish arguments to support 
CEdip. B 



18 



his hypothesis, that these were astrono- 
mical emblems : but how unlimited must 
be his merit, in having shown Joshua to be 
an astronomical emblem, as well as a war- 
rior and a sage ! Joshua, we know, enforced 
the law of Moses, whom he succeeded : 
the division of the land of Canaan was 
completed under the auspices of this chief, 
and judge of Israel; and the real existence 
of Joshua appears to vulgar apprehensions 
to be as much identified with the Holy Land 
itself, (unless that too be the Great Bear, or 
the Milky Way,) as the real existence of 
Alfred is identified with the original division 
of England into counties. Compared with 
this effort, my task is indeed light. The 
Romans were by no means so careful of 
their records ; and errors, and emblems of 
all kinds could have more easily obtained 
admission into their chronicles. The people 



19 



were never directed to preserve their records 
with care ; to transcribe and study them. 
They paid no reverence to the very letter 
of their credited annals; and from the con^ 
sequent negligence of all classes, the astro- 
nomical types and emblems, which those 
obscure and mystical authors Tacitus, 
Suetonius, and others, have concealed under 
the mask of plain matter of fact, are not 
understood by the descendants of the 
Romans ; though they are easily decyphered 
by those who will attend with unprejudiced, 
and candid minds, to the calm voice of 
nature and truth, of philosophy and 
reason. 

I shall now submit to your approbation 
some rules of etymology, derived from the 
authority of Sir William Drummond, and 
many others. 



20 



From the evidence of an innumerable 
collection of writers, I may here assume as 
a preliminary, that the whole earth was 
originally of one language: all languages 
are derived from one source, and, however 
they may now differ, it is probable we shall 
find in each, many radicals, and words, 
which are to be traced to the original stock.' 
Etymology is the art of discovering these 
words ; by stripping off their sinecure ap- 
pendages of mood, tense, number, person, 
gender, digamma, affix, prefix, intensitive, 
and accent. Etymology can change, derive, 
add, or subtract syllables. Like a suit of 
chain armor, it bends at pleasure over every 
part of an hypothesis ; and defends a new 
system, by guarding against the intrusion 
of all the darts and arrows of facts and 

» Vide, among others, Faber's Origin of Pagan Idolatry, 
on thii subject. 



21 



history ; while the whole body moves easily 
beneath its impenetrable strength. Its 
only disadvantage is, that if the links are 
once broken through, the most illustrious 
theory which depends on its protection, 
becomes at once utterly powerless and 
defenceless: and is suffocated in its own 
discoveries. Like all useful auxiliaries, it 
must be subjected to discipline ] and the 
few following rules have been considered of 
importance. 

All words of more than one syllable may 
be reduced to a monosyllable ; because all 
language, as we daily see in infants, was at 
first monosyllabic. 

All beginnings and endings of words may 
consequently be rejected at pleasure, till 



22 



three letters, or if necessary, only two let- 
ters remain. 

Vowels may be added or rejected. Con- 
sonants only form the roots of words. 

When the radicals are discovered, the 
word of which they are composed may be 
read either backwards, or forwards, as may 
be found convenient. Thus Cuscha is the 
same as Cacus : Ain-ait, as Ait-ain ; Ees- 
ain, as Hanes; w^ith many others, for which 
I refer to Mr. Bryant. 

Should one consonant only remain, 
vowels may be added either before, or after 
it, as the sound may appear to require. 

Should two consonants remain, vowels 
may be inserted. 



23 



Labials may be changed into labials, and 
dentals into dentals. 

All harsh sounds may be reduced to 
those more agreeable, by substituting a 
digamma, or changing gutturals into f, ph, 
V, or b. 

Words which may have any affinity with 
Egyptian, Hebrew, Chaldee, or other orien- 
tal languages, are never to be referred to a 
Greek root. 

This latter rule is particularly applicable 
to Latin words, for the Romans were 
nc^ merely a colony from Greece con- 
ducted by ^neas, as the traditions 
assert; they were part of the great 
family of the Cuthim ; and we may 
justly expect to find much of the primeval 
language among them. As there is no 



24 



regular alphabet, or dictionary of this lan- 
guage, we must drag the roots of the most 
obstinate words from the first oriental 
dialect in which they have taken shelter, 
and bring them out to be stripped or clothed 
as they are wanted. As the Hebrew contains 
the roots of nearly all the oriental dialects ; 
and as the best Hebrew scholars have 
derived words in every language of Europe, 
and the world, from Hebrew, I consider its 
authority in all etymological cases as 
decisive. Though I cannot prove it to 
have been the primitive language, I believe 
it to contain more of the words originally 
spoken by mankind than any other ; and I 
therefore appeal to it without reluctance. 

Such are the rules of that etymology, 
which in many instances has been the 
successful auxiliary of Sir WilUam Drum- 
mend, and from the assistance of which I 



25 



hope my own system will receive equal 
support. I now proceed to the considera- 
tion of my hypothesis ; merely premising, 
that in the very same sense in which Sir 
William, to use his own words, understands 
" those parts of the Hebrew Scriptures, 
which are usually called historical, to be 
partly allegorical and partly historical,'' 
do I likewise receive and understand the 
Roman Historians. The most strange, and 
almost unaccountable circumstance is this : 
that the very coincidences which identify 
the Patriarchs with the twelve Signs of the 
Zodiac, identify the Caesars with them 
also : a circumstance indeed so very surpri- 
sing, that if I had time to prosecute the 
inquiry, I might prove, that as things 
which are equal to the same, are equal to 
one another, the Patriarchs are the Caesars, 
and the Caesars the sons of Jacob, because 



26 



they are both synonymous with the 
Zodiac. I fear, however, this " decision 
would more embroil the fray and I shall 
not therefore permit it to detain me longer 
from entering upon my disquisition. 



I. Cains Julius Ccesar — Gad' — Aries. 



Though Sir William Drummond's pro- 
fessed object is to prove only that the 
standards of the twelve tribes were taken 
from the Zodiacal signs, "he keeps the word 
of promise to the ear, and breaks it to the 
faith his arguments undoubtedly identify 
the Patriarchs themselves, with these signs. 

Gad is shown to be Aries from his name, 
from the traditions, and from two expres- 
sions in Scripture, Gen. xlix, 19? and 
Deut. xxxiii, 21. 

Gad originally signified a troop. " The 
sign Aries is called Princeps Zodiaci, 



28 

Ductor Exercitus, Dux Gregis, Princeps 
Signorum," &c/ " Aries is the symbol of 
the Sun, who, after having descended to, 
and returned from the lower hemisphere, 
contends for his place in the upper hemi- 
sphere ; and the ancients accordingly repre- 
sent him as struggling against the constella- 
tions ; which they typified by a ram butting 
with his horns/' He was, as it were, the 
troop; and Gad was a troop; therefore 
Gad was Aries. 

Similar arguments prove the identity of 
Caesar with Aries. The name Caesar (says 
Zuerius in his notes to Suetonius) is 
derived from the Arabic ' Casara, frangere,' 
to make war against, to conquer, to fight, 
as the Ram fights with the Constellations. 
I might say, Csesar contended for his place, 

' CEdipus Judaicus, page 30. 



and the Ram contends for his place, there- 
fore Caesar is the Ram ; but I do not rest 
on this argument : I am most anxious to 
show, that I place no dependence on any 
unnatural derivation, or forced coinciden- 
ces. I shall therefore consider the evidence 
that Caesar was Aries, from his whole name 
taken together ; and the identit}^ will then 
appear, even from this first proof, incontro- 
vertible. 

" Caius Julius Caesar was the son of 
Lucius and Aurelia." These words proper- 
ly understood, afford the most decisive 
proof, that the first historical Emperor of 
Rome was the sign of the Ram. 

We are informed by the late venerable, 
and learned Jacob Bryant, in his catalogue 



30 



of the radicals of the Ammonian language, 
that the words Lux, Luceo, Lucidus, &c. 
are all derived from Avxog or El Uc, one of 
the names of the Sun. Lucius is evidently 
derived from Lux, and originally referred 
to the Solar Deity, the universal object of 
idolatrous worship. 

Aurelia is derived from Aur Light, and 
El, the Sun. The word Aurelia signifies 
butterfly, which is well known to be the 
emblem, not only of the soul leaving the 
body, but of the Sun breaking from the 
dreariness of winter, and renewing the life 
and beauty of nature in the spring. "What 
then can be the offspring of Lucius, and 
Aurelia; or the offspring of the great Sun, at 
the period when it emerges from the domi- 
nion of winter, but Caesar, the sign Aries? 



31 



Consider the radicals of the name itself, 
and all doubt on the question vanishes. 
Caius Julius Caesar ; — yj^-i Caia, Caias, or 
Caius, is the original word for a cavern, or 
house, in the primeval Cuthite, half Hebrew, 
half Sanscrit, or Ammonian language. 
These radicals do not, however, says Mr. 
Brj^ant, (vol. 1. p. 112, 113.) relate merely 
to a cavern, but to temples founded near 
such places. Thus Caieta in Italy, Ka/ijrTj, 
was so derived ; and many other instances 
are collected, for all which I refer to his 
Analysis of Antient Mythology. I have 
many reasons for supposing, that the word 
was not only applied to express the temples 
of the Gods, but the houses, or mansions, 
which the signs of the Zodiac occupy in the 
Heavens: we read of the mansions of the 
moon ; and jEschylus calls the sky, the 
temple, or Caias, of the Sun. 



52 

Julius, is evidently a corruption of '^7iio§, 
the Sun: both are derived from the same 
useful radical, Al or El ; and according to 
the rules of etymology, the vowels which 
precede, or follow a common radical, are 
changeable at pleasure. 

Caesar is properly written Ka/<rag, Kaisar ; 
that is, Cai a mansion, and Sar, which is a 
term uniformly denoting any thing eminent, 
honorable, splendid, or superior. Thus the 
princely people of Tyre and Sidon, were 
called Sarim (Isa. xxiii, 8.) The name Sarah, 
a Lady or Princess, was given to the wife 
of Abraham. So we have Serapis ; Sar- 
chon ; Sarabetha ; Sardis or Sarades ; Sa- 
ron, Saronides, and many others, (vide 
Bryant). The word Sar is here used in 
composition, to signify that mansion of 



33 



the Sun, or that sign in the Zodiac which 
is the first, or most eminent. 

The whole name Caius JuHus Caesar then 
may be interpreted thus ; The house, of the 
Sun, the first house. It contains a plain and 
simple description of the situation of the 
sign Aries. Caesar, like the Patriarch Gad, 
becomes identified with the vernal equinox, 
and the Ram, the leader of the year. He 
is the conquering child of Lucius and 
Aurelia, that is of the Sun himself, and the 
divided Zodiac ; typified by the butterfly 
breaking from the prison of the AVinter, 
into the liberty and loveliness of Spring. 

Such is the inference deducible from the 
name of the first Roman Emperor. If the 
mere appellation Gad, proves the patriarch 
to have been Aries ; much more unequivo- 

(Edip, C 



34 



cally does the appellation Caius Julius 
Caesar, son of Lucius and Aurelia, identify 
the first Roman Emperor with the same 
sign. 

" Gad a troop shall overcome him; but 
he shall overcome at the last/' This 
passage is quoted as the next argument of 
Sir William, to prove that Gad was Aries. 
" Aries (p. 30.) seems to be the symbol of 
the Sun, who, after having descended to, 
and returned from the lower hemisphere, 
contends for his place in the upper." The 
troop therefore that shall overcome Gad, is 
the body of the constellations, and he 
shall overcome at the last," signifies. It 
shall resume its place in the heavens. 

This and the other passage of Scripture, 
by which Sir WilHam Drummond would 



35 



prove the identity of Gad with Aries, will 
apply with equal propriety to the first Cse- 
sar: for how exactly and appropriately does 
the expression a troop shall overcome 
him, but he shall overcome at the last," 
apply to several remarkable incidents in 
the life of Caesar. He was nearly over- 
come by Sylla, who wished to put him to 
death. He was once on the point of being 
defeated in Gaul, as we read in his Com- 
mentaries. He was in the utmost danger 
when repulsed in the attack on Pompey's 
camp, some time previous to the battle of 
Pharsalia ; yet he overcame all at the last : 
and I much suspect, but it would require 
too much time to prove the position, that all 
these circumstances refer to one event, typi- 
fying the conquests of this celebrated sign. 

Gad had provided the first part for 



36 



himself, because there, in a portion of the 
lawgiver was he seated/' ' From this text 
Sir William deduces another argument that 
Gad was Aries : I shall not however stop 
to discuss this text, as the words seem, even 
at first sight, equally applicable to Julius 
Caesar. " The first part,'" has evidently an 
allusion to his place in the Zodiac, typified 
by his seizing the supreme power. " The 
portion of the lawgiver'^ is that part of the 
Sun s dominion which the Ram occupied ; 
and is shadowed out by the Roman histo- 
rians under the idea, that Caesar deprived 
the Senate, the great lawgiver of Rome, of 
their chief power. Sir William confirms his 
remarks by observing, " in the Persian 
sphere, a young man is here represented 
sitting on a throne.'" Similar proof is to be 
found in the mysterious Suetonius, in his 

' Deut. xxxiii, 21. 



37 



account of the presentation of the diadem 
by Antony (§ 79.)^ ^J^d we even find this 
event commemorated in our common school 
books, where Caesar is uniformly repre- 
sented as seated on a throne, or curule 
chair. 

In the admirable dissertation on the book 
of Joshua, my learned guide has shewn 
that the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Hi- 
vites,thePerizzites, the Girgashites,theAm- 
. orites,and the Jebusites, were not " so many 
distinct nations," ' who were conquered 
and driven from their country, or extirpated 
by the Israelites; but that they were dif- 
ferent sects of Tsabaists, and the exter- 
mination was asserted not of the people, 
but of their idolatrous systems."* His proofs 
are derived from the respective names of 
these supposed nations. 

» (Edipus Judaicus, p. 204, &c. * Ibid. p. 208. 



38 



The Canaanites are so called from 
p» or p, they were the establishers of 
the time. 

The Hittites from they worshipped 
the solar fire. 

The Hivites from K^^rr, they were Ophites; 
worshippers of the serpent. 

The Perizzites, whose name was derived 
from a word never yet understood by the 
interpreters, from n, with the Egyptian 
prefix s, were the Cabbalists. 

The Girgashites from m'^x the meaning 
of which Sir William does not comprehend ; 
and therefore doubts the existence of this 
people altogether. 

The Amorites w^ere worshippers of the 



39 



branches, or heavenly host, and the Jebu- 
sites worshipped rw^, or dd2 Busta, or 
Bubastis, the moon/ In all these instances 
the former received meaning is set aside, 
and an astronomical signification disco- 
vered, more suitable to the hypothesis. 
Let us apply the same mode of reasoning 
to the exploits of Caesar, and you will then, 
Gentlemen, I am persuaded, begin to com- 
prehend the esoteric doctrines of the Roman 
Historians. 

Cassar was a celebrated Astronomer. One 
of our months is named from him, and he 
was the first who inserted his name in the 
calendar. He reformed that calendar ; and 
I shall now prove that he endeavored to 
introduce his alterations among the sur* 
rounding Tsabaists. All his wars, so fan- 

' CEdipus Judakus; pp. 204 to 208. 



40 



cifully related by the writers (whom we 
are accustomed to believe, " when reason 
proposes no doubts, and whom we are sel- 
dom disposed to question as men, because 
we have been taught to credit them wlien 
we were children,"' ') are allegorical repre- 
sentations of his efforts to overthrow the 
absurdities of a bad almanac. 

It may appear inconsistent, that while I 
am endeavoring to prove the first Emperor 
of Rome an astronomical emblem, I should 
thus unequivocally represent him, as a 
bona fide, human being. I beg to assure 
the critic who may make this very natural 
remark, that he has not thoroughly appre- 
hended the scope and spirit of the CEdipus 

* CEdipus Judaicus, Preface, p. iii, referring to the Old 
Testament. 



41 



Judaicus. The characters now under dis- 
cussion are " partly allegorical and partly 
historical." Joshua is a warrior, and the 
Sun : the twelve patriarchs are men, and 
constellations ; so Julius Oaesar is an Astro* 
nomer, and the first sign of the Zodiac. 

Ceesar we read, conquered the Gauls, 
the Britons, the Germans, the Spaniards, 
the Romans, the Egyptians, and the people 
of Pontus. These names will include, if I 
mistake not, nearly all his conquests. The 
subject is too extensive to allow me to enter 
into the detail. I shall briefly prove what 
the benevolent reader will rejoice to hear, 
that these people were not conquered and 
murdered by Caesar : his invasion was of a 
much less appalling nature, being confined 
to the peaceable alteration of the alma- 
nacs of the poor ignorant Tsabaists. 



42 



Gaul, or Gallia. The word is derived 
from bx the revolving sphere, or heavens, 
and Ai, which in the old Ammonian lan- 
guage always signified a district ; hence it 
was added to the names of places ; hence 
too, as Bryant observes, (vol. i. p. 90.) so 
many places are erroneously supposed to 
have a plural termination, as Athenai, 
Patrai, Amyclai. Sometimes, as in the 
present instance, it is made short, as in 
Ethiopia, Oropia, &c. &c. The word 
Gallia therefore, signifies the district where 
the Heavens were worshipped. Much op- 
position, as is typically related in the 
commentaries imputed to Caesar, was made 
to the introduction of the reformed Ca- 
lendar; but in vain. Knowledge then, 
as at present, was more powerful than Tra- 
dition, Ignorance, and Fable. 



43 

From Gaul Caesar proceeded to Britain. 
Few words have given so much trouble to 
Etymologists as that of Britain. I think 
the difficulty has arisen solely from their 
ignorance of the universality of Tsabaism. 
It may be thus derived. Albion, Ai, the 
Ammonian word for land, prefixed, as in 
iEgypt (Ai-gupt) ; instead of postfixed, as 
in all other cases. Hence Ai, ]2b the land 
of the moon, where they worshipped the 
moon. The word ]2b signifies white, from 
the silvery appearance of the moon. Hence 
the absurd, though popular notion of the 
white cliffs. 

Britain from iinn a tree, (vide infra,) an^ 
ti; ain, the solar fountain. One signifying 
that its inhabitants worshipped the stars, 
the other, that they worshipped the sun. 
Both words were united, to shew they pro- 



44 



fessed the Tsabaism of the surrounding 
nations. 

Caesar could not make these people 
reform their Calendars : their inflexible 
obstinacy is commemorated in the story of 
his defeat. 

This defeat was related, in an alle- 
gorical tale of a spring tide. These tides 
are caused by the moon. Hence we may 
arrive at the real history. Through the 
influence of those- heads of the people who 
were peculiarly attached to the worship of 
the moon, the Reformer was rendered 
unable to introduce his new Almanac. 

This part of my discovery is singularly 
confirmed by the experience of the last 



45 

hundred years. Our Calendar, from the 
hereditary aversion to change, so charac- 
teristic of our countrymen, has not been 
reformed till within this period. 

The Germans were the next objects of our 
Legislator's attention. Their name is derived 
from either r)iy to meditate upon, or from 
1:1 to dwell in any place for a short time, as 
a wanderer or stranger; and '':d, the epi- 
thet given among the Eastern nations to the 
material heavens, as the dispensers of bless- 
ings; the same word, as the Monah of the 
Arabians, and 1 have no doubt the origin 
of Mona, the antient name of Anglesey. 
The Germans were accustomed to wander 
from one part of their country to another, 
to observe with more accuracy the appear- 
ances of the heavens; thus we read of the 
Helvetii and others leaving their homes ; 



46 



and Ariovistus tells Caesar (de bell. Gall, 
b. 1. p. 36) that fourteen years had elapsed 
since the Germans had dwelt in roofed 
houses ; so passionately were they attached 
to astronomical studies. Caesar did not 
conquer Germany, though he is represented 
as having put an end to their incursions on 
the Roman territory; that is, his argu- 
ments were so powerful, that they could not 
resist him ; yet they were too proud, and 
obstinate to receive his Almanacs. This 
is implied by the expression, non amplius 
fortunam tentandam (book 5. sect. 55. de 
bello Gallico), that is, they would argue 
the point no longer. 

He invaded Spain. Hispania, one of the 
antient names of this country, is as descrip- 
tive of the superstition of its inhabitants, as 
the title of Jebusite, Amorite, or Hittite, of 



47 



the Tsabaism of Canaan. Hispania is de- 
rived from ]L^\ arm light or fire; pro- 
nounced As, Es, or Is, with the Aspirate; 
and the celebrated word An, En, or Ain, the 
Ammonian, or Cuthite radical for a foun- 
tain ; (the same as the Hebrew T*:;,) with the 
Egyptian D, v^, 9, m- It evidently means 
the fountain of fire, and describes their 
Tsabaism. 

After much civil war, Caesar is said to 
have become master of Rome. If this is to 
be understood literally, we may likewise 
receive in their literal sense, the accounts 
of Moses and Joshua. Both are equally 
matters of fact, or equally allegorical. But 
the perfectibility of human nature, I again 
mention the fact with delight, is rapidly 
consummating. We are no longer to be 
imposed upon by such narratives. Rome 
itself is allegorical. It is derived from 



48 



Dyn (the modern Jews must be wrong to 
spell the word otherwise) to agitate, to be 
violently moved, to thunder. Csesar con- 
quered the city called Rome, by compelling 
them among the most violent agitations 
to reform the Calendar. This explanation 
of the word Rome, will receive additional 
confirmation from examining with candor, 
and impartiality, the history of Caesar's 
army crossing the Rubicon. 

The passage of the Jordan is shewn by 
Sir William Drummond to denote the 
cutting of the Equator and the opening of 
the year ; because ]iy may signify in He- 
brew, as it does in Chaldee, " the great 
Serpent which we well know is an hie- 
roglyphic for the Sun's annual orbit. How 
much more is the Rubicon the Sun's path : 
it being evidently derived from nn the 



49 



multitude, "Th, the Ammonian, Egyptian^ 
and Universal^ epithet for great; and 12v, 
the Sun ; the multitude^ of the greats Sun ; 
what can the multitude of the great Sun, 
into which the Ram passes be, but his an« 
nual path through the Zodiac ? 

From Rome, after he had sufficiently 
instructed the people there, Caesar has- 
tened to Egypt. The circumstances of the 
expedition to that place, are as certainly 
typical, as the narrative of the capture of 
Jericho. I have time only to mention a 
few. 

By his previous exertions, we may sup- 
pose, that the fame of this celebrated Re- 
former of Calendars, and Maker of Alma- 
nacs, was widely extended. The Egyp- 
tians from the earliest antiquity had been 

CEdip. D 



50 



eminent for their Science, and Literature. 
They were distinguished for their know- 
ledge, their philosophy, and their myste- 
ries ; yet even this nation, with all its pre- 
judices, pride, and science, submitted to 
the influence of Caesar, by adopting his 
Almanac, and rectifying the errors of their 
previous calculations. 

Caesar is said to have been the great rival 
of Pompey. Mr. Bryant has beautifully 
explained to us the meaning of this name. 
He is commonly supposed to have been a 
general ; whereas I will venture to assert he 
was the most ancient God of the Egyptians. 

Every one must remember that the re- 
puted Pompey is said to have taken refuge 
in Egypt, and appealed for protection to 
the king and his ministers. They knew 



51 



that Csesar would follow, and to avert the 
impending danger, Pompey was ordered to 
be put to death. 

The name Pompey is compounded of the 
Egyptian prefix P ; Om, the ancient word 
for the Sun, the same as Ham ; and Phi, 
an oracle. The oracle, says Bryant, was 
termed Omphi; it was expressed P'Omphi, 
or P'Ompi ; whence the Uo/^tttj of the 
Greeks, and the word IIo[X7raiog^ the same 
as Pompeius, which always related to 
divine influence. The fame of Caesar was 
well known to Egypt. When it was cer- 
tainly understood that he was coming, the 
king and his ministers met, to deliberate 
on the reception they should give him. 
They considered the claims of their God, 
and the real merits of the Tsabaistical 
superstition. Pompey, the former object 



52 

of their worship, is emblematically, and 
pathetically described, as pleading for his 
life. But the voice of truth prevailed ; the 
worship of the Sun ceased ; his oracles, the 
P'Omphi, or POmpi, or Pompey, which 
they had venerated, were silenced ; and 
Gaesar was welcomed to Egypt, though not 
without some opposition of the Tsabaists, 
which he soon overcame. 

The above explanation of this obscure 
portion of history, is authenticated by a 
just apprehension of his addresses to Cleo- 
patra, the meaning of which word, we 
must now take into consideration. 

This supposed Queen of Egypt was an 
allegorical emblem. The name is derived 
in the same manner as lux, from Avxog, or 
EL, UC, the great Sun (vide Bryant.) 



63 



As the E, is omitted in this instance in the 
first syllable ; so is the U, omitted in the 
name Cleopatra. The word is completely 
Ammonian, from UC, *Tk, o^; with EL 
the Sun ; and the celebrated word Petra, 
Patera, or Petora, an Ammonian title of 
honor, which did not attribute divinity to 
the Sun, but only a certain degree of supe- 
rior veneration and respect. Much curious 
information on this subject may be col- 
lected from Bryant, vol. i. p. 283, &c. 

The clear definition of this word Cleopa 
tra, was absolutely essential to the elucida- 
tion of this mysterious narrative. Ceesar 
was an admirable politician. The king 
and his ministers had consented to destroy 
the Pomphi worship ; and Caesar affected to 
regret the abrupt manner in which it ha^i 
been done, In return for their ready com- 



54 

pliance with his projected innovation, he 
carried this affectation to a still greater 
extent. He professed his esteem and 
regard to so much of their former notions, 
as he supposed he could overrule to more 
useful purposes. This is alluded to in the 
avowal of his attachment to Cleopatra, 
which is evidently an acknowledgment, that 
he considered the Sun, though no longer 
P'Ompi, an object of worship, yet still to be 
Patora, or Patra, entitled to their venera- 
tion ; as the controller of the seasons, 
the dispenser of blessings, and the best 
visible representation of its maker. He 
succeeded so completely in this ingeni- 
ous finesse, that he established his new 
calendar without more difficulty. He is 
said to have had a Son by Cleopatra : the 
ipeaning of which is, that he continued 
the Patorah homage to the Sun, blended 



55 



with ttie improvements he had introduced 
into the almanacs of the Egyptians ; and we 
well know, if other proof were wanting, that 
the good effects of his teaching were 
so long perpetuated, that the library and 
schools of Alexandria, were preserved 
among the general reign of ignorance till 
the time of the Caliphs. 

Pontus was conquered by Caesar. The 
word Pontus is a compound of the prefix 
P, and the celebrated On, or 3^ and V^. Its 
king was Pharnaces ; that is, the Ruler of 
the light ; an epithet of the same pompous 
and magnificentdescription usually assumed 
by oriental monarchs. The word Pharnaces 
is derived from Ei^ and liH, with the common 
addition of Anac, the most -ancient title 
given to sovereigns. Pontus was a seat of 
the Tsa)3aistical superstition ; and the fame 



56 



of Caesar, his knowledge, and eloquence, 
persuaded the king at the first conference, 
to adopt the Roman Almanac. Caesar 
expended very little time in the promulga- 
tion and establishment of his new calendar; 
and it is to this rapidity of his astronomical 
success that he refers in those well-known, 
and emphatic words — veni, vidi, vici. 

In the same manner I could prove every 
supposed conquest of this illustrious 
Astronomer, to refer to the alteration in 
the mode of calculating time. I shall 
merely add two additional circumstances, 
and proceed to the history of his assassi- 
nation. 

Julius Capsar is reported to have worn 
a crown of laurel. He was the first of the 
reputed Emperors upon whom this honor 



57 



was said to have been conferred by the 
senate. An allusion seems here to be made 
to the decoration on the head of the Ram, 
mentioned by Eusebius, and referred to, in 
page 85 of the CEdipiis Judaicus. 

Caesar triumphed over five nations. 
Joshua subdued five kings of the Amo- 
rites : Sir Wilham Drummond shevt^s that 
these kings were five intercalated days; 
and such no doubt, were the five nations 
conquered by Caesar. The circumstance 
alluded to in both histories being evidently 
the same. 

The assassination of Caesar, is as allego- 
rical as other incidents in his mysterious 
career. Many writers have asserted that 
trees are symbols of the starry host : 
and Sir William Drummond has quoted 



58 



many authorities to confirm this assertion; 
They have repaid the obligation by enabling 
him to prove that the Amorites who dwelt 
in Hazezon Tamar, were not Lambs, or 
teachers, but upper branches. Brutus 
and Cassius were said to be the murderers 
of Caesar. It is a very remarkable fact, 
that even now, when we talk of this suppos- 
ed assassination, we say, Brutus, and Cas- 
sius ; never Cassius, and Brutus; a custom, 
not merely arbitrary , but one corrupted from 
the traditionary words which were originally 
used to describe this event. Brutus is 
derived from T)i:i a cypress tree, whence 
the Latin word Brutus a cypress ; and 
Cassius from mp to collect, or assemble one 
by one. It seems at first sight a most 
singular phrase to say, the cypresses as- 
semble one by one ; but the real significa- 
tion is, that the sign of the Ram becomes 



59 

invisible onlyj when the other stars have 
gradually appeared above the horizon : 
they seem to assemble one by one. The 
word which was corrupted iuip Brutus, 
was always used as the nominative, and 
though the form of the expression was re- 
tained, its meaning was lost; till it was my 
good fortune to recover it. 

Among other phrases which have been 
adopted by Suetonius to conceal his real 
meaning, the expression used by Caesar to 
Brutus when struck, in the Senate house, 
is among the most enigmatical. The 
well-known words used at the Eleu- 
sinian mysteries, konx, om, panx, were 
understood by none till Captain Wilford 
shewed it was pure Sanscrit ; so the expres- 
sion in question, was handed down by 
tradition to Suetonius : and has been since 



60 

received in an acceptation totally distinct 
from its original signification : and it is wor- 
thy of remark, that Suetonius speaks with 
more than his usual caution, when he relates 
the supposed assassination. It is to be 
found in the 82nd section — quidam tradi- 
derunt, Marco Bruto irruente dixisse, xa) 
(Tu £1 iKBivwvy iccLi (Ti) TExmu, From which 
originated the Apocryphal story of, Et tu 
Brute. How strangely have the world 
been deceived ! This expression, though so 
long considered a simple Greek sentence, 
is pure Hebrew, and contains an indirect 
allusion to the change of the Sun's place 
from Aries, to Pisces, at the commence- 
ment of the year. It may be thus read : 

nK3 This word is here used in kal, which, 
though unusual, proves the very great 



61 



antiquity of the phrase. Its primary 
meaning is, to bruise, or beat, or break 
down. It refers to the manner in which 
the conquering Ram butts against, or beats 
down the opposing constellations ; as de- 
scribed in the GEdipus Judaicus. 

it:^ even or equal to : from to be made 
equal to any thing. 

^rr. Alas! 

in the system ; that is the solar sys- 
tem. The 1 has been changed into v, and 
at length into the accent. 

a very celebrated epithet for the Sun, 
the C*hon, or On nu of the Ammonian, 
Oriental, and Jewish nations ; the aspirate 
is frequently omitted in all languages. 



62 



As the whole sentence is a pathetic 
appeal of the personified Ram to his sup- 
posed murderer, the two first words, as is 
usual in passages of great pathos, are re- 
peated. * 

The last word is pn and it signifies, in 
the regulation. The word ]ii On, is added 
at the end of the second, as at the end of 
the first clause of the sentence, merely for 
effect. 

In giving this minute explanation of 
every syllable, I am only anxious to prove 
my determination to be as accurate as 
possible. We must remember that the 
whole phrase is an expostulation. It may 
be thus translated. 

Must I, the conqueror of the constella- 



63 



fions, be made equal (to other signs) in the 
Zodiacal system: must I alas! be made 
equal in the regulation? Or in other words, 
the expression of Caesar to Brutus, does not 
mean, Thou too Brutus, art thou among 
the assassins of Caesar ! The meaning is, 
Must I, the sign of the Ram, must I alas! 
be made equal to the fishes ? 

I claim no merit for this astonishing dis- 
covery. I am indebted to Sir William 
Drummond alone, for m}^ initiation into 
these interesting mysteries. He is my 
teacher, and to him I beg to submit the 
honor of my reader's conviction. 



11. Augustus^Joseph — Taurus. 



When I commenced the attempt to shew 
the identity of the Caesars, with the Zodi- 
acal signs, I was apprehensive there would 
be sometimes a deficiency of proof. I am 
now only anxious to compress within the 
shortest possible compass, the accumu- 
lated materials which press upon me. I 
have said sufficient to explain the system of 
interpretation, by means of which the real 
sense of History may be discovered. Ex 
pede Herculem, shall now be my motto, 
and I will endeavor to be brief in the 
subsequent detail. 

Joseph is proved to be Taurus from the 
description given of him in the 22d verse 



65 



of Gen. 49? as newly translated by Sir 
William Drummond. The passage which in 
our translation is read, " Joseph is a 
fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a 
well, whose branches run over a wall/^ &c. 
&C.5 to the end of verse 26 ; Sir Wilham 
translates — " A Son of a Cow, is Joseph ; 

a Son of a Cow beside Ain. The Benoth 
walk upon the Bull, the Archers have 
sorely grieved him,"' ' &c. &c., and from the 
words thus translated, Joseph is proved to 
be Taurus. 

From a similar form of expression, war- 
ranted by the Roman historians, I shall 
identify Augustus with the same sign. 

A Son of a cow is Joseph, a Son of a 
cow beside Ain. 

' CEdip. Jud. p. 38. 

(Edip. E 



66 



Augustus was the Son of Octavius; that 
is, the Great Bull, Ox, or Cow, for in My- 
thology either word may be used. The word 
Octavius is compounded of the Egyptian, or 
Ammonian Tx, ox, or pn, great or eminent, 
so frequently mentioned above; and the 
celebrated word discussed by Bryant, which 
is variously spelt, Tar, Tor, Tau, whence is 

derived Turris, Tupa-tg, Tapa-og, Topcrog^ Tav^ogj 
and Taurus ; Tau was changed into Tav, 
with the termination ius, according to the 
Roman custom. Hence Oc-tau, or Oc- 
tav, or Octavius the great Bull. 

More decisive confirmation of the fact is 
to be found in the name of his reputed 
mother. Augustus was the Son of Accia, 
or Acca ; the aspirate has been strangely 
omitted ; the proper reading is Vacca, a 
Cow ; a Son of a Cow, is Augustus. 



67 



Further evidence of the identity of 
- Augustus, with Taurus, may be derived 
from the epithet Thurinus, which was given 
to him in his infancy. Suetonius furnishes 
us with several reasons why this title was 
assigned to Augustus. The real cause is to 
be found only in accurately understanding 
the word itself. It is evidently derived 
from the Chaldee, or from the old Ammo- 
nian, the root of the Chaldee pm Thurin, 
Oxen, or Beeves. Thur, says Parkhurst, 
quoting from Brooke's Natural History, is 
still the Lithuanian name for the Urns, or 
wild Bull. 

Augustus therefore, like Joseph, was the 
sign Taurus; because he was the Son of 
Octavius, and Accia, and was called Thu- 
rinus : he was the Son of the Bull, and the 
Cow, and was himself called an Ox; all of 



68 



which epithets were used to describe the 
sign Taurus. 

" Beside A in/' Sir WilHam Drum- 
mond understands by these words, the 
great star Aldebaran ; I am of the same 
opinion : but among the Roman historians, 
this star was called Antony. 

We know that Aldebaran is in the head 
of the Bull. It is called by the Arabians 
Ain-al-tor ; or more properly, Ain-tor, Al 
being but an article, as Al-koran, Al- 
manac, &c. By some error, which cannot 
now be discovered, the R was changed into 
N : and the word therefore was read Ain 
or An-ton, instead of Antor, the termina- 
tion in both cases being of no consequence. 
Ainton, or Anton, signifies the fountain of 
light, and is a very appropriate name for 



69 

this star. When Augustus was said to have 
first prosecuted his claims, he was assisted 
by Antony ; that is, before the whole body 
of the constellation became visible, it w^as 
chiefly distinguished by the star Aldebaran, 
or An-ton. AThen Augustus' power was 
better established, he is said to have con- 
quered Antony, or An-ton, that is, when 
the whole body of the constellation ap- 
peared altogether above the horizon, it was 
more worthy of admiration, than when it was 
noticed onlv for one beautiful star. I w411 
not however speak decidedly ; because, as 
Sir AVilliam Drummond observes^ " the 
most nn^enerous advantao:e wrill be taken 
of my blunders.'' 

Agmn^ The Benoth walk on the Bull/' 
As the CEdipus Judaicus recommends ta 
our observation the simplicity of Scripture, 



70 



so would I direct the attention of my reader 
to the same excellence in the Roman his- 
torians. If I can but prevail upon him to 
set aside their apparent matters of fact, 
and ascertain their real meaning, he will 
be astonished at the discoveries prepared 
for him. We know that the Pleiades, 
which are called the Succoth Benoth, are 
on the back of the Bull. If Augustus is the 
Bull, we shall of course expect to find some 
mention in the Historians of the Pleiades. 
If we search for any account of the Suc- 
coth Benoth, in the history of Augustus 
in plain terms, we shall be disappointed ; 
it is related only in the most beautiful, and 
original strain of metaphor I ever remem- 
ber to have read. 

When Augustus secured his power, he is 
said to have published a decree for the en- 



71 

couragement of marriage, with a view to 
restore the losses of the civil war. Now the 
word n)n Benoth is derived from to 
procreate children; and mDD Succoth is 
derived from ID to overspread, to cover, to 
protect, or defend, as laws defend or 
protect, or as a pavilion overspreads the 
people within it. That is, the laws which 
were made to protect the marriages to 
supply the state with children, and which 
were supposed to be published by Augustus 
when in his full power, are in reality the 
Pleiades, or Succoth Benoth, on the back 
of the Bull. 

By the Archers in the passage now under 
consideration, I understand with Sir Wil- 
liam, the sign Sagittarius, which is pleas- 
ingly typified in the Roman Historians, and 
in the Odes of Horace, under the appella- 



72 



tion of Parthians : who are uniformly 
represented armed with arrows. 

Other proofs might be adduced, but it is 
time to proceed to Tiberius. 



IIL Tiberius — Benjamin — Gemini, 



Bexjamijst is described ravening as a 
wolf : if this alone would prove him to be 
the sign Gemini, we might appl}', even with 
more propriety, this argument to identify 
Tiberius with the same sio;n. 

The word Tiberius is derived either from 
a wolf, or "in'tD, oixoay^og, the higher, or 
elevated part of the land, or the Zodiac ; 
(vide the meaning of ojxc^aXog, Bryant's 
Analysis, Faber's Origin of Pagan Idolatry, 
&c. &c. &c.) or from i^nn excellence, either 
of which will prove him to have been the 
sign Gemini. 



74 



He was evidently a wolf to the Roman 
people. He might be called "laD, from his 
unexpected elevation to the supreme power; 
that is, the Twins appear to have attained 
their greatest height in the summer solstice. 
He might be called from the splendor 
of his station ; the word appears to me to 
allude to the beauty, and splendor of the 
summer months. I incline to the first deri- 
vation, though it is not the most accurate; 
Suetonius represents Tiberius ravening as 
a wolf, in a fine strain of allegory. 

I was fearful of meeting with some diffi- 
culty in proving that one individual could 
be considered as a double constellation. 
This objection is removed by the recollec- 
tion, that Tiberius is said to have reigned 
some years with Augustus, on which ac- 
count they were partly united in the imagi- 
nations of the astronomers. 



IV. Caligula — Isaachar — Cancer. 



Caligula is Cancer. The common 
people, who had lost the original meaning 
of the word Caligula, imagined that it 
meant a little boot, and invented the ab- 
surd story related by Tacitus and Suetonius, 
of an infant wearing a small military sandal 
to please the soldiers, who named him on 
the occasion Caligula. This Apocryphal 
tradition is the offspring of a later age ; the 
original signification however is evident. 

Among the emblems in the Astrological 
Calendar of the Egyptians, which describe 
the sign Cancer is puer sedens : Cahgula, 



76 



when shewn to the soldiers, was said to be 
sitting in his Nurse's arms. Connect this 
coincidence with the original meaning of 
Caliga, and Caligula, in the primitive lan- 
guage. Cala, Calah, Calach, Cali, and 
Cal, in composition signify eminent, or 
most lofty : and Ca, or Ga, or Gau, it may 
be either, means a house, or mansion, 
(vide Bryant.) Caliga therefore is Calah- 
Gau, the most lofty mansion. We should 
but lose time in attempting to prove how 
accurately this epithet describes the situ- 
ation of Cancer, the highest mansion of the 
Sun, in the summer months. By some 
strange omission the name of the AL or 
EL, the Sun, was omitted in the word 
Caliga, and the veneration of the idolatrous 
Tsabaists inserted it at a subsequent pe- 
riod ; hence the compound Cali — Ga — 



77 

AL, or EL, or Caligula, the most lofty 
mansion of the Sun, 

He was said to be the son of Germanicus. 
I have already shewn the meaning of the 
word Germany, and Germanicus is evi- 
dently derived from the same root, Meni 
the Heavens, and Ger, or to contem- 
plate, to be attached to. Germanicus, as 
Tacitus so beautifully relates, was the idol 
of the soldiers; that is, they were attached 
to the worship of the Heavens, the parent 
of the constellations in general, — but par- 
ticularly of Cancer, the most elevated in 
the Northern hemisphere. 

"The Greeks (p. 22.CEd.Jud.) placed two 
Asses in the sign of Cancer, and near them 
we find the asterism called Praesepe, or the 
manger. It will be observed that the He- 



78 



brew words u^n^mn p V^'^ should not be 
translated, couching down between two 
burthens ; but ' two partitions/ such as 
separate the stalls in a stable/' 

This is the very translation most satis- 
factory to the reader who wishes for an ad- 
ditional proof that Caligula was Cancer. 
The several asterisms of the constellations 
are typically described under the disguise 
of matter-of-fact histories. The asterism 
of the Ass is represented, in the Egyptian 
Calendar, under the form of a horse. Thus 
we find among the emblems selected bv 
Sir William Drumniond, Equus fraenatus, 
Equus liber vagans in campestribus, 
and Equus equam insiliens : and these 
emblems are selected to exhibit the singu- 
lar mixture of rest and labor, of indolence 



79 



and activity, which are ahke descriptive of 
the state of labor induced by summer, with 
the consequent necessity of repose after that 
labor, and of the union of indolence and 
activity typically related in the life of the 
allegorical Caligula. But if we can identify 
one star, or one asterism of a constellation, 
with any asserted fact in the life of the 
supposed real personage we discuss, we 
obtain at once an explanation of every 
difficulty. Substituting therefore a horse 
for an ass, in the sign Cancer ; and trans- 
lating the phrase in question, " couching be- 
txiDeen two partitions^'' as Sir Wilham Drum- 
mond translates it ; keeping in view at the 
same time the station of the horse in the 
heavens, that it is in the highest part of the 
highest sign, we arrive at the true meaning 
of the Apocryphal story, respecting Cali* 
gula and his horse. 



80 



We discover the Emperor to be the 
Constellation : the horse was to be elevated 
to the Consulship, typifying the asterism, 
which was the most distinguished in the sign 
Cancer. The two partitions are the marble 
apartments said to have been built for the 
horse ; and its couching down is typical of 
repose in summer, while the horse itself is ty- 
pical of the labor. Such are the triumphs of 
Coincidence and Etymology, over received 
opinions, and the records of history. I add 
the words of Dion Cassius, that my readers 
may perceive the great probability of the 
correctness of my hypothesis, for it is 
impossible that the circumstances men- 
tioned by this writer, could have actually 

taken place. Ka\ ol'jtos laurco UpoLTO, xu) Tov 
iTTTTOJ^ (TtJvisploL 0L7ri<paivsJ^ — Calig. § 28. 

Ka) evoL ye twv Utttcov ou ^lynlToiTOU coVo/ta^s, kou 



81 



hr) hTTTVQU s}<dXstf ^p\j(rdg n aira> xpSag Trapi- 
^aXTiS, KOLi olvov Iv ^ptJcro7g £X7rwiJL(x.(n TrpoSynUi' 
Tijv rs (TcoTriplav auTOu xou rrjv TD^r]V oiixvus, xou 

^avrcog dv xai rouro eTrsTroirjxsi, si ttT^sico p^povoy 

l?V]Xf/," kc—Dion, Cass. Calig, § 14. 



(Edip. F 



V. Claudius — Judah-^Leo, 



Claudius is Leo. Tacitus and Sueto- 
nius seem to have exerted themselves to 
disguise this part of their theory beneath a 
double veil of allegory. Yet I cannot but 
think I have discovered the long-con- 
cealed truth, which I shall therefore sub- 
rait to the world, whatever be the oppo- 
sition and clamor of illiberal and bigoted 
men. 

In the first book of his annals, Tacitus 
informs us that the History of Claudius has 
been falsified. Tiberii, Caiique, et Claudii, 
ac Neronis res, fiorentibus ipsis, ob metum 



83 



falsae ; postquam occiderant, recentibus 
odiis compositae sunt, (sect, 1.) With these 
reasons we have nothing to do ; they are 
very ingenious, and completely answer the 
historian's design; but our object is to 
penetrate through this artful disguise. The 
History of Claudius has been, falsified and 
corrupted, and the knowledge of this cir- 
cumstance enables us to unravel the whole 
mystery. 

Falsehood is the contrast of truth. 
Claudius is represented by tradition as the 
very opposite of a Lion : as weak, tame, 
spiritless, nerveless, and inactive: in short, 
as much unlike a Lion in every respect as 
possible. But if the accounts we have 
received are false, it evidently follows that 
he was not weak, and tame, and spiritless ; 
and if he was not these, then he must 



84 



have been spirited, energetic, and active, 
as his emblem the Lion is uniformly repre- 
sented : and on strict examination we shall 
find this argument most singularly con- 
firmed. 

His name is derived from rhp, to shine, to 
move lightly, to be hght, whence the word 
*H*?p, the origin of Claudius. The Sun is 
said by tradition to have been at its utmost 
height when Leo occupied the place, which 
is now filled by Cancer ; but I shall not 
insist upon this, though Sir William assures 
us the Sun was at that time held in the 
highest honor, and this honor is referred to 
by the expressions " thou art he whom 
thy brethren shall praise '* thy hand shall 
be on the neck of all thine enemies/' Our 
proofs that Claudius was Leo are much 
more decisive. 



85 



" The progress of the Sun through Leo," 
says my learned master, " is clearly typi- 
fied by the words, Judah is a Lion's whelp : 
from the prey, my son, thou art gone up; 
he stooped down, he couched as a Lion, 
and as an old Lion/' 

The chief characteristic of a Lion is, that 
it watches for its prey, it couches down, as 
if to aim with greater certainty at its object, 
and to seize it more surely. It is slow and 
cautious before it acts, and it then acts with 
resistless effect and terror. Such was the 
conduct of Claudius. He is said to have 
been hesitating, and slow, before he decided ; 
in other words, he was cautious as a couch- 
ing Lion ; but after his decision his vengeance 
was prompt and effectual. I refer to his 
supposed conduct to Messalina, of whom 
Juvenal, Tacitus, and others, say very 



86 



scandalous things : to his reputed cruelties 
to criminals, to his conquest of Britain, 
whichj though he was long in resolving to 
attempt, he accomplished with perseverance 
and courage. All these imaginary circum- 
stances are typical of his lion-like character, 
and identify him with the sign Leo. He is 
said to have been slow in accepting the 
empire ; that is, the Sun appears when in 
Leo to begin to move slowly ; the character 
given of Claudius by Suetonius, " Mira 
anima varietate fuit : modo circumspectus, 
et sagax : modo inconsultus, et praeceps ; 
nonnunquam frivolus, amentique similis,'' 
is exactly applicable to a Lion alternately 
hungr}'^, and satisfied ; and if I had but time 
I would proceed through all the allegorical 
actions of his supposed life, and tear away 
the matter-of-fact disguise, under which 
they have been so long imprisoned. 



87 



I shall make no observations on the 
remainder of Sir William Drummond's 
interpretation of Jacob's blessing on his 
supposed son the Patriarch Judah. I 
must candidly confess I have some old 
prejudices left on the subject of the predict- 
ed Shiloh ; and I dare not venture to 
treat this part of my creed with even the 
appearance of levity. The evidence addu- 
ced by my teacher does not satisfy me, and 
I know he will forgive my scruples. To 
me indeed, this part of his hypothesis seems 
to be completely identified with the system 
of Volney ; though I must in this, believe 
that I am mistaken, since those admirers 
of courteous language, and scholar-like 
liberality, who have undertaken to defend 
Sir William Drummond from the censures 
of Mr. D'Oyley and others, have asserted 
that the theories of these great masters 



88 



of reasoning are not the same ; and 
Vindex, Biblicus, and Candidus, are 
honorable men, and deserving of credit. 
They are worthy of our admiration too : 
they have set an example to the world of 
the practice of one of the most difficult 
virtues, that of self-denial : for if they really 
love candor, mildness, propriety of lan- 
guage, and the noble feelings of gentlemanly 
controversialists, so rigidly have they prac- 
tised this virtue, that not a trace of these 
excellencies is discoverable from the begin- 
ning to the end of their pages. 



VI. Nero — Naphthali— Virgo. 



Sir William proves Naphthali to be the 
sign Virgo by a curious syllogism. A tree 
was represented by the Egyptians beside 
thie sign Virgo. The words " Naphthali is a 
hind let loose, he giveth goodly words/' our 
author conceives to be wrongly translated ; 
and agrees with Bochart in rendering the 
passage, Naphthali is a tree shooting forth, 
producing goodly branches from whence 

* I purposely omit all other translations, explanations, 
commentaries, &c. &c« of all writers from Lightfoot to 
Bellamy. I may observe, that Lightfoot's brief summary 
of the manner in which the apparent predictions of Joseph 
were fulfilled, has been much admired. 

Vol, L Lightfoot's works. 



90 



he argues that Virgo is a tree, and Naph- 
thali is a tree, therefore valet consequentia. 

It is a peculiar excellence of Sir William 
Drummond's system, that it not only dis- 
covers new interpretations, but it makes 
those interpretations of general and useful 
application. In the passage before us how- 
ever, my hypothesis is equally confirmed 
by the old and new translation. We are 
informed, that Nero, in the beginning of 
his reign gave many fair promises of future 
excellence. Like a tree which produces 
goodl}'' branches, he gave expectations of 
fruit in its season : like a fair and beautiful 
hind, he excited admiration by the youth 
and beauty of his person ; he gave goodly 
words to the soldiers and to the people, 
he wished to deserve, rather than to receive 
the praises of the Senate, and regretted his 



91 



ability of signing his name to a list of 
malefactors. 

The mysterious and enigmatical writers 
who have related these circumstances of 
Nero, proceed in the most strange and in- 
consistent manner to relate a pretended 
change of conduct. He is said to have be- 
come debauched and profligate; effemi- 
nate, cruel, infamous, and lascivious, in- 
curring the public hatred : the murderer of 
his mother, his tutor, and his friends ; and 
at length dying miserably in the gardens of 
Phaon. The whole of these Apocryphal 
stories are a collection of emblems, referring 
to astronorny, and identifying Nero with 
the sign Virgo. 

Virgo once lilled in the Zodiac the place 
which is now occupied by Libra. It was 



92 

therefore the first of the descending signs. 
The ancients, as the arch Volnej ' has 
demonstrated, considered the six last signs 
as the reign of Ahriman, winter, and desola- 
tion : and were accustomed to express their 
dread of the approaching dreariness, by 
every appellation of contempt and detesta- 
tion. The change of seasons is impercepti- 
ble; and the hopes in which they indulged, 
that the Sun, though he had begun to 
descend, would still continue his auspicious 
influences, prompted them to consider the 
commencement of his decline with com- 
placency. Hence they represented in their 
histories the sign Virgo, as giving fair pro- 
mises, which were never fulfilled ; as a tree 
full of branches, but without fruit : as hold- 
ing ears of corn in her hand to signify that 
the joy of harvest was past, though the 

* Vide Volney 3 Ruins of Empires, 



93 

harvest weather was not entirely gone by. 
When all these fair promises were dis- 
appointed, when storms and rain, and the 
melancholy changes of the season actually 
approached ; they spoke of this sign in the 
most contemptuous language, as the 
murderess of a mother^ and the enemy of 
mankind. The mysterious allusions of this 
part of the Roman history are thus fully 
developed. As the sign Virgo began with 
fine weather, and ended with storms, so 
Nero is typically described as commenc- 
ing his career in virtue, and closing it in 
vice. 

I could confirm this interpretation b}^ 
proving that Agrippina, Britannicus, Se- 
neca, Lucan, and others, were Ammonian 
names, descriptive of the stars and con- 
stellations near Virgo: but I must proceed. 



94 

I forgot to observe, that Nero is derived 
from the old word to divide ; the Zodiac 
in the time of Nero being divided by 
Virgo. 



VII. Galba—Asher— Libra. 



The name Galba signifies in a second- 
ary sense, the balance. It is derived from 
2b:i, a shaver, one who makes smooth, or 
permits no inequahty. Galba was so much 
esteemed for his love of justice, and weigh- 
ing all things with impartiality as in a 
balance, that according to the Roman 
historians, this virtue is said to have been 
the chief cause of his elevation to the 
empire. 

" In the account of the Indian sphere," 
says Sir William Drummond, " under the 
sign Libra, I read as follows, * Homo in ta*- 
bern^ institori^ in foro, manu tenens sta- 



96 



teram ad emendimi et vendendum " which 
our author applies to Asher. It seems much 
more plainly to describe the conduct related 
of Galba; that he was eminent for his jus- 
tice before his elevation to the empire ; and 
that he afterwards submitted to be go- 
verned by favorites, who bought and sold 
justice, till he was said to have been assas- 
sinated by the enraged soldiery. 



VIIL Otho—Ban—Scorpio. 



The description of Scorpio in the words 
of the patriarchal blessing, apply so exactly 
to the treachery of Otho, to Galba, that 
the resemblance will be immediately dis- 
cerned by every reader of Tacitus and 
Suetonius. He was a serpent to his Em- 
peror, and as an adder biting the horse's 
heels. Through his means Galba was 
murdered, or resigned his place in the 
Zodiac* 

This similarity between the traditions is 
but a small part of the proof, which enables 
us to identify the Roman Emperor with 
the sign Scorpio. The great star in the Cor- 

CEdip. G 



98 

Scorpii, is called Antares, and is used 
synonymously with the sign itself: this 
assertion may excite some surprise in my 
reader ; but I hope to make it plainly 
appear, that Antares, Dan, and Otho, are 
one and the same word ; they appear to 
be different on account of the variety in 
the manner of pronouncing them ; but they 
are in reality as much one, as Louis the 
Eighteenth, and Louis Dix-huit, are the 
same individual. 

By the rules of etymology, laid down at 
the beginning of this treatise, labials may 
be changed into labials ; dentals into 
dentals. T, D, and Th, are always there- 
fore convertible. 



Scorpio, as Sir William has shewn, was 
esteemed an accursed sign, and the ancient 



99 

astronomers were consequently very un- 
willing to pronounce the name. It was 
thought a bad omen to do so. It was usual 
among the Jews to avoid all mention of 
the sacred tetragrammaton, in their exces- 
sive veneration for the God of their fathers. 
The Hindoos are still taught to meditate 
upon the mystic word Om or Aum ; and 
even in our own time, we have seen an 
English gentleman of great attainments^ 
respectable family, and of the highest pre- 
tensions, decline to mention the name of 
Napoleon Buonaparte ; choosing rather to 
meditate on the perfections associated with 
that name, and pointing out the object of 
his admiration by the significant word Hi7n, 
From these instances we learn, that it was 
not unusual to avoid a particular word 
altogether, and to express it by another of 
similar import. The sign Scorpio was 



100 



known by the Chaldee particle Da, this, or 
the ; " Hsac, ista, hoc, illud, says Buxtorf/' 
The vowel was of course frequently omit- 
ted and the D only retained. 

Now if T, and Th, are the same 
letter, we have only to get rid of the pre- 
fixes and affixes of the three words, and 
we shall find the remaining radical will 
identify them as one and the same. 

Otho, By another rule of Etymology, 
all vowels may be dispensed with at 
pleasure. Consonants only being radical, 
strike off the two O's, and Th remains. 

Dan. This is the particle D, compound- 
ed v/ith the word An, a fountain. The stars 
were all considered as fountains of light; and 



101 

the Chaldee particle being prefixed, served to 
point out Scorpio, which their superstition 
would not allow them to mention by any 
other name, than " the fountain/' " the 
star/* It was a variation only of the original 
phrase, and the An may be rejected, v/hile 
the meaning of the word is unaltered. 

Antares. Arez was a name of the Sun, 
(Bryant ;) and An, as we have seen, means 
a fountain, or a star. The Star of the Sun'* 
is the signification ; referring to the most 
accursed star or sign passed by the Sun in 
his course through the Zodiac. The word 
is unchanged if you take away either the 
prefix An, the affix Arez, or both; and 
the letter T, changed from the Chaldee D, 
remains. 

Thus are Antares, Dan, and Otho, con- 



102 



vertible terms : and from the known mean- 
ing of one, we ascertain the others. Anta- 
res is the Cor-Scorpii, the same as Scorpio. 
Dan, therefore, as Sir William has shewn, 
is Scorpio; and Otho is Scorpio. Q. E. D. 



X . Vitellius— Sagittarius— Mana$seh> 



^' The sign of Sagittarius alone remains/' 
(says Sir William Drummond) "for Manas- 
seh : if I be right in my former conjectures^ 
I cannot be mistaken in this : but having 
already written so much on the standards 
of the tribes, I shall leave it to the ingenuity 
of my readers, to supply what I have left 
unsaid on the subject of Manasseh/' 

I beg to be allowed the same privilege. 
I shall leave it to the ingenuity of my 
readers to discover why Vitellius is Sagitta- 



104 



rius ; merely observing the name is derived 
from to cast down, as the archer Sagit- 
tarius casts down his arrows of bt^ dew^ 
mist, or snow in the winter. 



X . Vespasian— Zelmlon— Capricorn . 



I CANNOT but regretj that Sir William 
Drummond has placed so much depend- 
ence on Kircher, who is referred to as an 
authority in almost every page. This author 
was a most fanciful writer; voluminous, 
incorrect, and led astray by a vivid imagi- 
nation. I refer to Evelyn's Memoirs, vol. 
1st, to the biographical dictionaries, and 
the list of his works, for further information. 
Among other sublime productions, he wrote 
the Mundus Subterraneus ; and he has 
been even suspected of forging, or inventing 
facts and circumstances, to complete an 
hypothesis, or continue a narration, w^hen- 
ever his materials were deficient. 



106 



That Zabulon was Capricorn, is proved 
from the opinion of Kircher, and the two 
expressions, " a haven for ships," and " his 
border shall be unto Zidon/' (Tsidon.) 

The proof from Kircher, Sir William 
Drummond himself being judge, I am sorry 
to observe, did not appear to me decisive. 
"The standard of Zabulon, according to Kir- 
cher, ought to have represented the sign of 
Capricorn. M. Dupuis has adopted the same 
notion ; but his reason for admitting it is 
certainly of no great weight I must suppose, 
that Kircher had found some tradition on the 
subject; for after a tedious examination, I 
am inclined to agree with him, though he 
has not given the slightest intimation, why 
he has referred this sign to Zabulon.'' 

(Ed. Jud. p. 20- 



107 

This amiable reluctance to forsake a tried 
friend, is much to be admired; but I fear 
the bigoted reader will suggest, that if 
there is no evidence whatever, not even the 
sHghtest intimation of proof, in this case, 
it is possible that Sir William's whole theor}" 
may be erroneous. This inference is too dis- 
agreeable to be admitted. If the theory is 
unfounded, what becomes of the learning, 
the etymology, the coincidences, and all 
the well-armed supposes, and takings for 
granted, which have been so beautifully 
- embodied against the universally received 
interpretation of Scripture History ? But 
it is extravagant to imagine that Sir William 
Drummond, who is so eminent for extensive 
learning, acute penetration, and refined 
ingenuitj^ could have wanted sufficient 
sagacity to have anticipated an objection 
so obvious. And would it not be still 



108 



more extravagant to imagine, that he would 
expose, by an injudicious silence, the in- 
valuable results of his patient industry, and 
extensive research, to the risk of being 
overthrown by a remark, which he must of 
necessity have foreseen ; unless he was con- 
vinced that it was too insignificant to 
demand a serious refutation ? Kircher too 
has written four folio volumes on the sub- 
ject of Egyptian Antiquities, consequently 
his assertions must be arguments. He pro- 
bably omitted his reasons on the present 
occasion, on some account not now dis- 
coverable ; it would be very illiberal to 
suppose he had therefore no reasons. 

The second proof of identity between the 
patriarch and the constellation, is the 
expression " he shall be a haven for ships 
this ought to be read " a haven for a ship." 



109 

(OEd. Jud. p. 20.) The ship is Argo, 
which descends under the horizon when 
the Sun is in Capricorn. Hyginus explains 
the matter better : " Capricorn us exoriens 
hsec sidera ad terrani premere videtur ; 
reliquam figuram navis et signum/' &c. 
This seems to indicate why Zebulon is 
called a haven for a ship. 

The only event in the life of the reputed 
Vespasian, which appears allegorically to 
describe this circumstance, is recorded by 
the mysrical Tacitus. (Hist. lib. S. § 12.) 
As Capricorn is in the side of the Heavens, 
opposite to the ship Argo, of which it k 
very enigmatically .said to be the haven ; 
so was Vespasian at a distance from Ra- 
venna, when the fleet chose him for their 
commander. The analogy seems in both 
cases to be equally convincing. 



110 



His border shall be unto Zidon/' " The 
countries of Zebulon and the Zidonians, as 
it has been frequently observed, do not 
border upon each other. The allusion 
therefore, seems to be astronomical, rather 
than geographical. may be translated 
the great hunter : Arcitenens probably, or 
Sagittarius, who occupies the sign next to 
that of Capricorn." (Ed. Jud. p. 21. 

Vespasian, as we read in the Roman 
Historians, was the conqueror of the Holy 
Land, and extended his dominion even un- 
to Sidon. This fact is evidently typical of 
the approximation of Vespasian or Capri- 
corn, to Sagittarius, or n% and identifies 
the supposed emperor with the former 
sign. 

Heidegger, in his Historia Sacra Patriar- 



Ill 



charuni, Exerc. 23. § 5, has indeed attempt- 
ed to explain in what manner the borders of 
Zabulon extended to Tsidon. But they 
who have been initiated in Sir William 
Drummond's theory, will best know how to 
appreciate these unintelligible Christian 
writers. 



XL Titiis— Reuben— Aquarius. 



Reuben is AquariuSj because the ex- 
pressions, " Thou art my first-born, my 
might, and the beginning of my strength/ 
apply very well to the Sun in the com- 
mencement of his course after he has passed 
the winter solstice. He was unstable as 
water, and Aquarius is typified by a man 
with a pitcher. It is then remarked ; he 
shall not excel, because he went up to his 
father's bed ; and We are thus reminded that 
he had lain with Bilhah. The Oriental 
astronomers still designate a remarkable 
asterism in the sign of Aquarius by the 



lis 



name of Bula, or Bulha. (Ed. Jud. pp, 

7, 8. 

Titus was the first-born of Vespasian; 
and from his supposed mildness, gentle- 
ness, and moderation, is said to have been 
called " deliciae humani generis all of 
which " apply very well to the commence- 
ment of the Sun's course after he has 
passed the winter solstice." 

The probable, or possible reason, why 
Titus should be unstable as water, I 
lament my inability to develop : I fear 
therefore it must for the present continue 
in its primeval obscurity, as I am always 
unwilling to allow my imagination to invent 
interpretations of the typical historical 
events, when their meaning is not appa- 
rent. 

(Edip. n 



114 



The identity of Titus with Aquarius, is 
however as clearly demonstrable from his 
allegorical intimacy with Berenice, as that 
of Reuben with the same sign, from his 
intimacy with Bilhah. 

If Bilhah be a star, so is Berenice. I 
shall only premise, that any word descrip- 
tive of the heavens, was commonly adopted 
as the name of a star. 

The word Bilhah is written mb^; it is 
derived either from Sin perturbation, as 
Bochart supposes, or from bb2> moisture, 
water, as Sir William Drummond imagines. 
In either case it signifies the material hea- 
vens : if from Sn, it denotes the constant 
agitation of the air, and light, by which all 
the operations of nature are carried on : if 
from bb2i it refers to the origin of all 



115 



things, from the celebrated Hyle, (uXyj) of 
the antients, or to the aerial fluid which was 
universally distributed through the heavens. 

The word Berenice is a compound. To 
understand it rightly, we must remember 
that we receive it from historians who were 
intimately acquainted with the Greek lan- 
guage, and but very slightly with the He- 
brew. Nothing was more usual than to 
retain a primitive word, with a Greek 
termination. This was done in the present 
instance, mi signifies pure, bright as the 
solar flame, whence ni the pure aether, the 
clear bright matter of the heavens. As Jo- 
sephus, and others, had no knowledge of the 
original storj^, they reported that Titus, or 
Aquarius, was the lover of nil; and he was 
metaphorically said to have conquered her. 
From this misapprehension, the name Bere- 



116 



nice was derived from mai and viHOLw, to 
conquer. 

Berenice and Bilhah, thus being words 
equally descriptive of the heavens, were 
used to denote the same star. I have not 
however suflScient confidence in names 
alone ; and shall therefore consider the his- 
tory of Titus's amour with Berenice as 
affording us much more satisfactory evi- 
dence. 

The star Bulha, or Bilhah, which is in 
Aquarius, rises while the Sun is yet in 
Capricorn, the domicile of Saturn, the star 
of Israel ; and it sets when Aquarius sets, 
which according to Sir William Drummond, 
explains that passage of Scripture which 
asserts that Reuben went up to his father's 
bed. The same circumstance, though not 



117 



so plainly relatedj seems to be intimated in 
the mysterious pages of Tacitus. 

Berenice, or Beronice, was the mistress 
of Titus. But when Vespasian had been 
saluted emperor by his troops, and his 
friends began to assemble their forces in his 
cause, (by which typical circumstances I 
understand the gradual increase of the Sun's 
power when in the sign Capricorn) Bero- 
nice, then beautiful, and young, united her 
assistance, and was metaphorically said to 
be very acceptable to the aged emperor. 

Nec minore animo, (says Tacitus, Hist. - 
lib. 81.) regina Berenice partes juvabat, 
florens setate formaque, et seni quoque 
Vespasiano magnificentia munerum grata." 
If these words referred to real life, we could 
not avoid suspecting Beronice of too much 
fondness for power, or its possessor; but 



118 



we should be unjust to indulge the suspi- 
cion. If however we consider the words as 
allegorical, we immediately see the pro- 
priety and simplicity of the historian's 
language. Berenice was attached to Ves- 
pasian, as a star to its constellation. 

Now Titus, though an admirable and 
excellent general, legislator, and em- 
peror, is reported to have been very profli- 
gate, when under the influence of his re- 
puted father. Combining all the circum- 
stances we have thus enumerated, I cannot 
but believe that I have ascertained the 
astronomical emblem concealed under this 
obscure history. We find that Berenice is 
Bilhah, the concubine of Vespasian, the 
paramour of Titus. Titus is the sign Aqua- 
rius, his mistress is the star Bulha, — the 
asterism of Capricorn, his supposed father. 



119 



Positive demonstration cannot be expected; 
but I trust my reader will at least receive 
my conjecture, to assist him in his further 
progress in this interesting and curious dis- 
covery, that the eleventh Caesar is the 
eleventh sign of the Zodiac. 



XII. Domitian — Simeon and Levi — Pisces. 



" KiRCHER has allotted the sign of 
Pisces to Simeon and Levi, but without 
giving any reason for the conjecture : I shall 
endeavor to supply the deficiency/' 

Sir William Drummond then proceeds 
to shew from the following eight clauses, 
that Simeon and Levi are Pisces — • 

Simeon and Levi are brethren. 
Instruments of cruelty are in their habi- 
tations. 

0 my souly come not thou into their secret ! 



121 



Vnto their assembly y mine honor ^ be not 
thou united ! 

For in their anger they slew a ynan. 

And in their self -will they digged down a 
wall. 

Cursed be their anger ^ for it was fierce ; 
and their wrath, for it was cruel. 

I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter 
them in Israel. — QEd. Jud. p. 9? &c. 

It is very extraordinary, but not less 
true, that every one of these clauses ex- 
presses some circumstance in the typical life 
of Domitian, as related by the Roman his- 
torians. 

" Simeon and Levi are brethren.'' " In 
the Astrological Calendar, at the first de- 
gree of the first decan of Pisces, we find 
the follov\^ing words, * duo viri unum caput 



122 



habenies/*' The inference from these 
words, that Simeon and Levi are Pisces, 
does not appear to me so plain as the em- 
blem in the Roman History, which con- 
nects Vespasian and Titus with Domitian, 
or Pisces, as uniting to form the winter 
quarter ; for there can be little doubt that 
the " unum caput" refers to Vespasian. 

" Instruments of cruelty are in their habi- 
tations^" that is, " all the constellations 
which are considered as noxious, are seen 
above the horizon, while the Sun is in Pis- 
ces." And " the disappearance of this 
sign was the prelude of the Sun's entrance 
into the accursed Scorpio ; for Pisces must 
descend before the latter rises." (Ed. Jud. 
p. 9. Are not the same circumstances re- 
ferred to, when Domitian is described as 
killing flies in his own house ; or as inviting 



123 



the senate to that pantomime of horror, 
which placed before them their names in- 
scribed on coffins collected in a banquetting 
room, hung round with black, where sol- 
diers with drawn swords, and other " in- 
struments of cruelty in their hands,'" rushed 
in to increase the terror of the affrighted 
guests ? The former incident I merely men- 
tion to corroborate my hypothesis, for 
surely no Roman Emperor would be in 
reality engaged in killing flies ! 

" Oh my soul come not thou into their 
secret" " I am inclined to think," says 
Sir William Drummond, " that the word 
TD does not signify a secret, but a bond, or 
shackle, which the Greek astronomers 
called sometimes x/vov, and sometimes 
o-uvWjao^," p. 10. I am at all times happy 
to express my admiration of my learned 



124 



guide, and my deference to his opinions ; 
but I am particularly happy on the present 
occasion, as I think it will enable me to do 
so with peculiar effect and advantage. Sir 
William informs us,' as I have before 
noticed, that he is inclined to agree with 
Kircher, though he has not given the 
slightest intimation of a reason for what 
he asserts." I am delighted to have this 
opportunity of following his example ; and 
I therefore confess, in all humility, that I 
really agree with Sir William Drummond, 
that the word id does not signify a secret, 
but a bond, or shackle; while I candidly 
acknowledge I have not the shadow of a 
reason for so doing. 

" Unto their assembly, mine honor^ be not 



' CEdipus Judaicus, p. 20. 



125 



thou united.'' These words have been gene- 
rally supposed to refer to the imagined 
slaughter of the Shechemites. Sir William 
Drummond, however, translates them, 
" Let not the light of my star be united to 
their constellation." He adds, (pagelO) "it 
appears from the Astrological Calendar, that 
the emblems accompanying the sign Pisces, 
were chiefly indicative of death, and vio- 
lence. How incomparably then have the 
Roman historians described this sign, in the 
cruel and vengeful life of the last Caesar ! 
The murder of the Christians, for instance, 
by Domitian, is as allegorical, as that of 
the Shechemites by Simeon and Levi \" 

" For in their anger they slew a man.** 
That is, according to Sir William Drum- 
mond, " Jacob seems to attribute all the 
effects produced by the rising of Scorpius, 



126 



. to the descent of Pisces. The death of 
Orion was attributed to the sting of the 
Scorpion and this we find is the man here 
alluded to. Domitian slew manj^ men; and 
if each death is typical of the setting of 
Orion, it clearly proves, that the Roman 
historians disguised one astronomical truth 
under a great variety of original and simi- 
lar emblems. 

" In their self-will they digged down a 
walL" Sir William Drummond's translation 
of this passage is indeed peculiar to himself: 
to use his own words, " This interpretation, 
I conceive to be erroneous. I translate— 
in their self-will they castrated a hull'' CEd. 
Jud. p. 12. The death of this bull is the 
principal event in the allegorical life of 
Domitian. Bulls were used in agriculture, 
as well as in astronomy, and were called cul- 
tivators of the ground, and I have no 



127 

doubt that Agricola, who is said to have 
been killed by Domitian, was in fact this 
very Bull, and that he received his name 
from his employment ; Agricola signifying 
a cultivator of the ground. 

Tacitus apparently found great difficulty 
in describing this singular emblem, with 
that delicacy he so studiously aflfected. He 
chose therefore to represent it under the 
fictitious history of Agricola s death by poi- 
son — he evidently appears to labor under 
extreme perplexity, but has successfully 
overcome every obstacle, by veiling this 
emblem in most sublime obscurity. " Au- 
gebat miserationem constans rumor, veneno 
interceptum. Nobis nihil comperti affir- 
mare ausim." Agric. Vit. Tacitus has 
undoubtedly brought into action all his 
mystical powers, to disguise the esoteric 



128 



doctrine throughout the whole of this ex- 
oteric life of Agricola. His ingenuity is 
indeed surprising, and has most wonder- 
fully succeeded. Many millions have been 
deceived by that artful composition ; and I 
have no doubt myself, that Tacitus knew 
no more of the reputed Agricola, than 
Joshua did of the reputed Moses ; and that 
both historians and both histories are 
equally entitled to their claim of authen- 
ticity and genuineness. 

" Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce ; 
and their wrath, for it was cruel" — " It 
suffices to say, that both the Assyrians and 
Egyptians abstained from eating fish, 
which they seem to have held in singular 
abhorrence." CEd. Jud. p. 12. So indeed 
was Domitian held in singular dread ar.d 
abhorrence, as well as Simeon and Levi ; 



129 



there can be little doubt that both, for this 
very satisfactory reason^ are typical of the 
same sign. 

I will divide them in Jacobs and scatter 
them in Israel, We may observe that 
the two Zodiacal fishes neither rise, nor set 
together. We find, in some of the ancient 
Zodiacs, that one fish only is represented." 
(Ed. Jud. p. 12. 

This explanation is certainly an admira- 
ble proof that Simeon and Levi were 
Pisces ; yet I think more decisive confirma- 
tion of the identity of Domitian with the 
same sign, will be found in the Roman 
Historians. If the twelve Patriarchs are 
the twelve signs, it is evident that Jacob 
and Israel must signify the heavens : the 
Caesars were descended from Tarquin, 

(Edip. I 



130 



which Mr, Bryant has shewn to be the 
same as Tarchon, or Jpaxcou^ the great 
serpent, which typified the heavens : when 
Simeon and Levi are scattered in Jacob, 
it evidently therefore means, they were 
scattered in the heavens ; if Domitian be 
an emblem of the same sign, he too will be 
represented in a similar manner ; and I 
cannot but think this has been done most 
ingeniously by those Historians who have 
related the mysterious and singular narra- 
tive of the Turbot. 

This fish, which is said to have been so 
large, that it was deemed expedient to as- 
semble the senate to deliberate on its cook- 
ery, was caught at Ancon. (Juvenal Satire, 
iv, line 40.) This word is derived from An, a 
fountain, u^c, On, of the great Sun, or from 
l«,prT,Vi^ The fountain of the great Sun, is 



131 ~ 



evidently a term for the sign Aries, in which 
the Sun recommences its course. I have re- 
ferred to the celestial globe, as Sir William 
Drummond recommends. And I there find 
one of the Zodiacal fishes actually situated 
close to the head of the Ram, or at Ancon. 
This coincidence explains the whole story. 
The turbot is one Zodiacal fish, Domitiaii 
himself is unavoidably the other ; they are 
both divided or scattered in the heavens ; 
and the road from Rome to the Adriatic, 
is the o-uvSso-fjtot,', or fetter, which connected 
them together. 

Such are the coincidences, the traditions, 
and etymologies which will, I trust, con- 
vince the admirers of the CEdipus Judaicus, 
that the Roman Historians are as allegori- 
cal as the sacred writers, and that the 
events related in history contain as many 



132 

beautiful emblems as the narratives of 
Scripture. I shall conclude by observing, 
almost in the very words of Sir William 
Drummond (p. 40.) : If the Roman Histo- 
rians, " meant to make no allusions to the 
signs of the Zodiac, it seems very strange 
that we should find so many circumstances 
which seem directly to relate to them/' 
This is an undoubted truth ; and we trust 
those who cannot refute our arguments, 
will at least regard them with candor and 
respect, and resign their antiquated preju- 
dices, to receive the " New hght" now 
thrown upon the dark records of Scripture 
and History. I cannot but hope that these 
truths, which have been so long concealed 
to be at length so fortunately recovered, will 
be duly appreciated, and extensively 
circulated. 



I NOW feel it incumbent on me, Gen- 
tlemen, to state the motives which in- 
duced me to condescend to irony and 
banter, when the cause of Christianity is 
discussed. I well know that this mode of 
examining a question is seldom justifiable, 
and generally meets with universal repre- 
hension. You will, however, be able to 
form for me a better apology than I can 
possibly submit to you, when you take into 
consideration the character and situation 
of the author, and the probable consequen- 



134 



ces of that method of Scripture interpre- 
tation proposed to us in the QEdipus 
Judaicus. 

Sir William Drummond has long been 
eminent among you as a classical schblar, 
and as an ingenious and elegant author. 
His translation of Persius is admired by 
all, while his reported profound knowledge 
of the oriental languages can be appreciat- 
ed by few. In his official situations, he 
has proved himself worthy of the confi- 
dence placed in him. He loves learning 
for its own sake. He possesses fortune, 
rank, influence, and authority; his time is 
passed in enviable retirement, where he 
enjoys that most inestimable blessing, 
books to read, and time to read them. 
Few, very few, are favored with such 
powers and opportunities, of becoming an 



135 



ornament and strength to society : how 
much Sir Wiriiam Drummond has profited 
by these advantages, I must leave to the 
decision of others : on one point there 
can be no difference of opinion. In pro- 
portion to the influence which these united 
excellencies must ever command, is the 
danger to be apprehended from their mis- 
application. Splendid talents, superior 
knowledge, the acquisitions of science, and 
the authority of rank, when betrayed into 
the service of infidelity are like the gold, 
and the jewels, the beautiful ornaments, 
the bracelets and the earrings which the 
Israelites contributed to the formation of 
a golden calf. Learning, ingenuity, and 
talent, when opposed to Christianity, are 
like the perfect Venus, which the sculptor 
adorned with a long beard, to express the 



136 



utmost degree of possible deformity — like 
the temples in Egypt described by Lucian : 
^ magnificent and imposing in their exterior, 
but within, the anxious and curious spec- 
tator found only a reptile or a brute. 

Consider the object of Revelation. It 
was bestowed upon mankind by the 
Supreme Being, for the same reason that 
wool was given to the lamb and strength 
to the lion, because it was essential to them, 
in that rank of creation in which God had 
placed them. Without Revelation, man 
had been, from the very beginning, of all 
animals the most savage, ignorant, misera- 
ble. Left to his unassisted reason, how 
could he have emerged from the condition 
of a brute, to the refinements of taste, the 
elevations of science, the consolations of 



137 



religion, and to the advantages and enjoy- 
ments of social life ? Our common sense 
must convince us, that if Revelation were 
thus necessary, its first and chief object 
must be, to reveal in plain, clear, and simple 
language, the facts it authenticates, and 
the duties it prescribes. Since we shall 
live in another, as well as in the present 
world, we may naturally expect that many 
things may be proposed in the sacred pages, 
which our finite reason cannot now com- 
prehend, and Avhich may therefore give 
rise to various controversies, and divisions 
of opinion: but it is no less evident, that 
the historical part of that Revelation 
must be intelligible to every reader; it 
must be literally interpreted, or it ceases 
to be history. It must contain a connected 
series of facts, as the ground-work of the 
doctrines and duties which it inculcates ; 



138 



and from the plain un perverted meaning 
of the text, as it may be best ascertained 
from the opinion of the Christian church, 
the analogy of faith, fair criticism, and 
sound learning, we deduce our hope of an 
hereafter, our belief in the sublime myste- 
ries of Redemption, and all the other 
important and venerated truths which have 
been received, and sanctioned by the best 
and wisest, of every age and nation. 

But Sir William Drummond has inform- 
ed us, that these reputed facts are astrono- 
mical emblems. Imagine him to be cor- 
rect in his assertion : what are the conse- 
quences? The Deity has, in that case, 
communicated either no Revelation to 
man, or a Revelation which discusses the 
squabbling of some unknown people, at 
some remote age, about the reform of an 



139 



Almanac, and the alteration of a Calendar 
—Inspiration becomes the dream of folly, 
superstition, and ignorance— The divine 
legation of Moses is levelled to that of 
Numa, Lycurgus, or Solon — ^The prophets 
are converted into enthusiasts or impostors 
—Christ himself, I can command my lan- 
guage, though not my feelings, when I 
write it, is an astronomical emblem, the 
child in the arms of Virgo (CEd. Jud. p. 
277). Words have not sufficient weight or 
power, to describe the feelings of indigna- 
tation, contempt, and pity, excited by this 
passage. These poisoners of the springs of 
moral happiness, these enemies of the virtue 
and peace of man, seem not to have any 
thing themselves at stake, and pervert every 
talent in their endeavour to plunge others 
into a fearful abyss of doubt and un- 
certainty—The narratives of Scripture^ 



140 



before Sir William Drummond's interpreta- 
tion, melt away, like the rainbow in the 
heavens— Every proof of our immortality 
and accountableness vanishes, " at one fell 
swoop"" — The peculiar doctrines of Chris- 
tianity, the Trinity, the incarnation, and 
the atonement, cease to exist — Morality 
becomes a matter of conv^enience, prin- 
ciple a dream ; the laws of God chimerical, 
the laws of man expedient — All in this 
life is coldness, selfishness, and vanity; and, 
at its close, oblivion and eternal sleep. Our 
frail bark is agitated some few years, the 
sport of every gale, on the stormy ocean of 
life, to be consigned at last to the dark re- 
gions of Night and Silence. 

But this uncertainty and doubt pro- 
duced by Sir William Drummond's system, 
form but a small part of its innumerable 



141 



unhappy consequences. All that is dear 
to man, every hope of happiness in this 
world, as well as in that which is to come, 
is derived from the literal interpreta- 
tion of the text of Scripture. Shake but 
this foundation of ouHkith, and the whole 
fabric falls — man at once loses his strength 
and his support — misfortune has no refuge, 
sorrow no hope, affliction no friend — poverty 
has no consolation, and wealth no restraint 
— luxury may revel, passion indulge, profli- 
gacy reign uncontrolled, piety seek shelter 
in a mad-house, and pride alike forget 
God and despise man. Religion, that 
personal religion, I mean, which purifies the 
heart, and elevates the soul, becomes at 
once useless and ridiculous. The promises, 
the threatenings, the anticipations, and 
the precepts of Scripture, rest on no 



142 



basis, and excite no longer either hope or 

fear. 

Volumes might be filled with the detail 
of the fatal consequences to society, if the 
foundations of Christianity were thus re- 
moved : and in what terms ought the 
authors of so much misery to the whole 
race of man to be addressed ? The use of 
strong language is deemed inconsistent with 
candor and liberality : we are not per- 
mitted, even by the very customs of societ Ys 
to express the indignation which as Chris- 
tians we must so deeply feel. If the friends 
of Revelation are clergymen, they are at 
once stigmatized as servile, interested, bi- 
goted, venal, and suspicious advocateso 
" The weapons,'' says Sir William Drum- 
mond, " with which they fight, are either 



143 

borrowed from the armory of heaven, or 
forged in the fires of hell ""i If the friends 
of Revelation are laymen, they are ignorant 
and incompetent. Are we grave, we are 
denominated dull. Are we serious and in 
earnest, we are declamatory and hypocri- 
tical. Have we recourse to argument, we 
are gravely told that our reasoning is anti- 
quated and our faith exploded. If we 
expostulate, we are pitied : if severe, we 
are uncharitable, uncandid, or prejudiced. 
Truth is to be found with none but the 
impartial, the wise, the learned infidel; with 
whom is neither sophistry, prejudice, nor 
contradiction. Instead of the Scriptures, 
we are presented with broken Zodiacs, and 
all the lumber of Eastern vanity : when we 
object to such a substitute, we are derided, 



' CEd. Jud. p. 112. 



144 



insulted, and despised. You will not be 
surprised, then, that I have condescended to 
irony ; that I have armed myself with that 
weapon which has been so long employed 
against the impregnable fortress of Chris- 
tianity. I have pressed nonsensical reason- 
ings to nonsensical conclusions. My ob- 
ject has been to shew, that the arguments 
of Sir William Drummond will apply with 
equal success to Scripture and to History : 
I have chosen the ex-absurdo method of 
proving my position — it appeared to be 
alike necessary, justifiable, and conclu- 
sive : it has enabled me to expose the 
danger and folly of resting any system on 
Coincidence, that fruitful parent of pal- 
mistry, physiognomy, craniology, astrology, 
and every other absurdity Avhich has 
amused or astonished the world. 



145 



NOTE. 



Many writers, particularly OrigeDj have undoubtedly 
believed that some parts of the first books of Scripture 
were to be understood in an allegorical or mystical sense. 
Lightfoot (vol. i. p. 373) asserts, that the unbelieving and 
apostatized Jews originated the custom of turning the 
Scriptures into allegory ; though some suppose it was a 
practice of very ancient date, and others^ that it was taken 
from the learned heathens, by many of the early fathers. 
Philo is said to have taught the art to Clemens of Alex- 
andria, who instructed Origen. Origen excelled his mas- 
ter ; for he sometimes pleaded for a threefold sense, as 
Augustine for a fourfold sense of many passages. Vide 
Benson's Essay on the Unity of Sense, printed at the end 
of Vol. IV. of Bishop Watson's Collection of TractSp 
Jortin's Remarks on Ecc. History'; Lightfoot's Works, 
Vol. I, &c. &c. 

Eusebius (Prsep. Evang. L IS. c. 11.) cites the phrase 
xara Tjvaj oLTro^pYjTov^ Xoyovg Mmgscio^, secundum arcanos 
sensus Mosis. This aTropp^Tog Koyo^, however, referred 




K 



146 



only fo spiritual or moral inferences deducible from facts^; 
k had no reference whatever to astronomical emblems^ 
foisted into the text at some anknown period, and mis- 
taken from the moment of their introduction for real his- 
tory. One of the most zealous advocates for the mystical 
sense of Scripture, was Dr. Burnet. In his celebrated 
Archaeologia, p. 27^? he observes, duplex erat apud ve^ 
teres, maxime orientates, Theologiam et Philosophiam 
tiadendi modus, §>jjw,w5>j^, xaj a^oppyjro^ ; atque duplici hoc 
styloj in rebus naturalibus explicandisi uti raihi videtus' 
Scriptura sacra : quandoque sese accommodans ad populi 
captum, quandoque ad occultiorem veritatem." But even 
this author makes no attempt to change the farts of Scrip- 
ture into astronomical emblems, though by far the most 
s^peculative and fanciful writer of his day. Neither did 
this author feel much regard for the opinions of his con^ 
temporaries, or the authority of other learned men. Many 
passages in his Archajologia are irreverently written, and 
are highly objectionable. He offended the common sense 
of the Christian world, and thus deprived himself of the 
very possibility of doing good, though an eminent scholar^ 
and an exemplary and amiable man. I shall merely add^> 



147 



tkat Sir William Drummond s system seems to be fomidetl 
on the same sort of coincidences, by the use of which 
Burnet, or any other ingenious writer, would be always 
able to frame a consistent hypothesis. 



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